employed a modified Delphi method to gather consensus from a panel of nominators which were recognized experts and stakeholders in their disciplines, and identified a core set of quality measures for children's healthcare under the Medicaid and Children's Health Insurance Program. Finally, at the US national level, Mangione-Smith et al. hence conducted a qualitative study using semi-structure interviews with medical staff and other stakeholders adopting a grounded-theory approach, major themes emerged which included improved equality of access, more focused logistics, increased work throughput and better accountability for community psychiatry provided under the care pathway model. In UK, a care pathways model for community psychiatry had been introduced but its benefits were unclear. They found that the efficiency of triage services remained a prime concern from both users and providers, among issues of access to doctors and unfulfilled/mismatched expectations from users, which could arouse dissatisfaction and legal implications.
conducted thematic analysis on semi-structured telephone interviews with patients and doctors in various urban, rural and mixed settings. Faced with various models of out-of-hours triage services for GP consultations, Egbunike et al. These findings suggested room for improvement for family physicians to better engage their patients in recommending preventative care. conducted semi-structure interviews with subsequent content analysis and found that most physicians delivered information to enrich patient knowledge with little regard to patients’ true understanding, ideas, and preferences in the matter. To explore the content of recommendations for colorectal cancer screening given out by family physicians, Wackerbarth, et al. Such positive findings were in contrast to previous studies, which opined that elderly patients were often challenged by operating computer tablets, or, conversing with the tele-health software. conducted phone interviews and analyzed their transcripts via a grounded theory approach, identified themes which enabled them to conclude that such mobile-health setup and application helped to engage patients with better adherence to treatment and overall improvement in mood. Recruiting COPD patients who were given tele-health devices that monitored lung functions, Williams et al. With the recent advances of information technology and mobile connecting device, self-monitoring and management of chronic diseases via tele-health technology may seem beneficial to both the patient and healthcare provider. Five qualitative studies are chosen to illustrate how various methodologies of qualitative research helped in advancing primary healthcare, from novel monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) via mobile-health technology, informed decision for colorectal cancer screening, triaging out-of-hours GP services, evaluating care pathways for community psychiatry and finally prioritization of healthcare initiatives for legislation purposes at national levels. In many ways, qualitative research contributes significantly, if not more so than quantitative research, to the field of primary care at various levels.
Impact of Qualitative Research upon Primary Care However, the issue of subjectivity and contextual ramifications has fueled incessant controversies regarding yardsticks for quality and trustworthiness of qualitative research results for healthcare. While human emotions and perspectives from both subjects and researchers are considered undesirable biases confounding results in quantitative research, the same elements are considered essential and inevitable, if not treasurable, in qualitative research as they invariable add extra dimensions and colors to enrich the corpus of findings. Unlike quantitative research which deals primarily with numerical data and their statistical interpretations under a reductionist, logical and strictly objective paradigm, qualitative research handles nonnumerical information and their phenomenological interpretation, which inextricably tie in with human senses and subjectivity.
Like quantitative research, the qualitative research aims to seek answers for questions of “how, where, when who and why” with a perspective to build a theory or refute an existing theory. The essence of qualitative research is to make sense of and recognize patterns among words in order to build up a meaningful picture without compromising its richness and dimensionality. Nature of Qualitative Research versus Quantitative Research
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